Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.
Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Options
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2021
Effects shown in research
Child development and school readiness
Findings rated high
Show findings details
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficultness |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
225 infants | Unadjusted mean = 2.23 | Unadjusted mean = 2.71 | Mean difference = -0.48 | Study reported = -0.22 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.11 |
Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Unadjusted mean. |
Difficultness |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
252 infants | Adjusted mean = 2.23 | Adjusted mean = 2.71 | Difference = -0.49 | Study reported = -0.16 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.09 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Adjusted to control for preferred language and baseline measure. |
Dysregulation |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
243 infants | Unadjusted mean = 54.82 | Unadjusted mean = 55.33 | Mean difference = -0.51 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.77 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Unadjusted mean. |
Dysregulation |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
252 infants | Adjusted mean = 54.82 | Adjusted mean = 55.33 | Difference = -0.56 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.75 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Adjusted to control for preferred language. |
Externalizing behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
243 infants | Unadjusted mean = 59.24 | Unadjusted mean = 62.54 | Mean difference = -3.30 | Study reported = -0.28 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Unadjusted mean. |
Externalizing behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
252 infants | Adjusted mean = 59.24 | Adjusted mean = 62.54 | Difference = -3.27 | Study reported = -0.28 | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Adjusted to control for preferred language. |
Internalizing behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
252 infants | Adjusted mean = 53.64 | Adjusted mean = 54.93 | Difference = -1.22 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.39 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Adjusted to control for preferred language. |
Internalizing behavior |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months of age |
PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample |
243 infants | Unadjusted mean = 53.64 | Unadjusted mean = 54.93 | Mean difference = -1.29 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.37 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations. Unadjusted mean. |
Show findings details
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child atypical affective communication - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
211 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = -1.05 | Unadjusted mean = -0.99 | Mean difference = -0.06 | HomVEE = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child atypical affective communication - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
225 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = -0.96 | Unadjusted mean = -0.92 | Mean difference = -0.04 | HomVEE = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.48 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child atypical affective communication - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
215 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = -1.02 | Unadjusted mean = -1.00 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.69 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child behavior problems - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
215 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 11.82 | Unadjusted mean = 11.80 | Mean difference = 0.02 | HomVEE = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.98 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child behavior problems - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
211 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 11.23 | Unadjusted mean = 11.87 | Mean difference = -0.64 | Study reported = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child behavior problems - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
225 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 11.01 | Unadjusted mean = 12.19 | Mean difference = -1.18 | HomVEE = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.18 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Child emotion regulation - Behavior Rating Scales (BRS) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
215 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 3.82 | Unadjusted mean = 3.96 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.43 |
Findings adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes, age of the child at baseline, and months between baseline and postintervention assessment. |
Child engagement/exploration - Behavior Rating Scales (BRS) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
215 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 4.15 | Unadjusted mean = 4.25 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Study reported = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.45 |
Findings adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes, age of the child at baseline, and months between baseline and postintervention assessment. |
Child secure base behavior - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
215 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 0.56 | Unadjusted mean = 0.56 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 1.00 |
|
Child secure base behavior - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
211 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 0.62 | Unadjusted mean = 0.57 | Mean difference = 0.05 | HomVEE = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
|
Child secure base behavior - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
225 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 0.52 | Unadjusted mean = 0.51 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomVEE = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.83 |
|
Child social-emotional competence - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
215 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 17.55 | Unadjusted mean = 17.41 | Mean difference = 0.14 | HomVEE = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.73 |
|
Child social-emotional competence - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
211 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 17.72 | Unadjusted mean = 17.78 | Mean difference = -0.06 | HomVEE = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.88 |
|
Child social-emotional competence - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014 |
225 parent/child dyads | Unadjusted mean = 17.40 | Unadjusted mean = 17.37 | Mean difference = 0.03 | HomVEE = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.94 |
Show findings details
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attachment security: Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS45, modified version of Attachment Q-Sort, using trilemmas) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample |
175 children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= >0.10 |
Finding estimated with hierarchical linear model (HLM). |
Attachment security: Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS45, modified version of Attachment Q-Sort, using trilemmas) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample |
175 children | Adjusted mean = 0.58 | Adjusted mean = 0.54 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.41 |
|
Competence: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 11 item subscale) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample |
175 children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= >0.10 |
Finding estimated with hierarchical linear model (HLM). |
Competence: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 11 item subscale) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample |
163 children | Adjusted mean = 17.35 | Adjusted mean = 16.38 | Mean difference = 0.97 | Study reported = 0.42 | Statistically significant, p= 0.03 |
|
Problem behavior: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 31 item subscale) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample | 175 children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p= >0.10 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Finding estimated with hierarchical linear model (HLM). |
Problem behavior: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 31 item subscale) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Post-intervention |
PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample |
163 children | Adjusted mean = 10.81 | Adjusted mean = 10.72 | Mean difference = 0.09 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.92 |
Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |