Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Options

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2021

Effects shown in research

Child development and school readiness

Findings rated high

Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Intervention Model
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Difficultness

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

225 infants Unadjusted mean = 2.23 Unadjusted mean = 2.71 Mean difference = -0.48 Study reported = -0.22

Not statistically significant, p = 0.11

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Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Submitted by nwu on

Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Unadjusted mean.

Difficultness

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

252 infants Adjusted mean = 2.23 Adjusted mean = 2.71 Difference = -0.49 Study reported = -0.16

Not statistically significant, p= 0.09

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Adjusted to control for preferred language and baseline measure.

Dysregulation

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

243 infants Unadjusted mean = 54.82 Unadjusted mean = 55.33 Mean difference = -0.51 Study reported = -0.04

Not statistically significant, p = 0.77

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Submitted by nwu on

Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Unadjusted mean.

Dysregulation

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

252 infants Adjusted mean = 54.82 Adjusted mean = 55.33 Difference = -0.56 Study reported = -0.04

Not statistically significant, p= 0.75

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Adjusted to control for preferred language.

Externalizing behavior

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

243 infants Unadjusted mean = 59.24 Unadjusted mean = 62.54 Mean difference = -3.30 Study reported = -0.28

Statistically significant, p = 0.03

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Submitted by nwu on

Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Unadjusted mean.

Externalizing behavior

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

252 infants Adjusted mean = 59.24 Adjusted mean = 62.54 Difference = -3.27 Study reported = -0.28

Statistically significant, p= 0.03

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Adjusted to control for preferred language.

Internalizing behavior

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

252 infants Adjusted mean = 53.64 Adjusted mean = 54.93 Difference = -1.22 Study reported = -0.11

Not statistically significant, p= 0.39

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Adjusted to control for preferred language.

Internalizing behavior

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months of age

PFR vs. comparison, Washington 2015-2020, full sample

243 infants Unadjusted mean = 53.64 Unadjusted mean = 54.93 Mean difference = -1.29 Study reported = -0.12

Not statistically significant, p = 0.37

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Submitted by nwu on

Statistical significance is based on HomVEE calculations.

Unadjusted mean.

Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Intervention Model
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Child atypical affective communication - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

211 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = -1.05 Unadjusted mean = -0.99 Mean difference = -0.06 HomVEE = -0.18

Not statistically significant, p = 0.20

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Child atypical affective communication - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

225 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = -0.96 Unadjusted mean = -0.92 Mean difference = -0.04 HomVEE = -0.09

Not statistically significant, p = 0.48

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Child atypical affective communication - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

215 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = -1.02 Unadjusted mean = -1.00 Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.05

Not statistically significant, p = 0.69

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Child behavior problems - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

215 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 11.82 Unadjusted mean = 11.80 Mean difference = 0.02 HomVEE = 0.00

Not statistically significant, p = 0.98

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Child behavior problems - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

211 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 11.23 Unadjusted mean = 11.87 Mean difference = -0.64 Study reported = -0.08

Not statistically significant, p = 0.56

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Child behavior problems - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

225 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 11.01 Unadjusted mean = 12.19 Mean difference = -1.18 HomVEE = -0.18

Not statistically significant, p = 0.18

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

Child emotion regulation - Behavior Rating Scales (BRS)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

215 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 3.82 Unadjusted mean = 3.96 Mean difference = -0.07 Study reported = -0.11

Not statistically significant, p = 0.43

Findings adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes, age of the child at baseline, and months between baseline and postintervention assessment.

Child engagement/exploration - Behavior Rating Scales (BRS)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

215 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 4.15 Unadjusted mean = 4.25 Mean difference = -0.06 Study reported = -0.11

Not statistically significant, p = 0.45

Findings adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes, age of the child at baseline, and months between baseline and postintervention assessment.

Child secure base behavior - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

215 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 0.56 Unadjusted mean = 0.56 Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE = 0.00

Not statistically significant, p = 1.00

Child secure base behavior - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

211 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 0.62 Unadjusted mean = 0.57 Mean difference = 0.05 HomVEE = 0.16

Not statistically significant, p = 0.26

Child secure base behavior - Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS-45), Attachment Q-sort scale

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

225 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 0.52 Unadjusted mean = 0.51 Mean difference = 0.01 HomVEE = 0.03

Not statistically significant, p = 0.83

Child social-emotional competence - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

3 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

215 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 17.55 Unadjusted mean = 17.41 Mean difference = 0.14 HomVEE = 0.05

Not statistically significant, p = 0.73

Child social-emotional competence - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

211 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 17.72 Unadjusted mean = 17.78 Mean difference = -0.06 HomVEE = -0.02

Not statistically significant, p = 0.88

Child social-emotional competence - Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. R&R, Washington state 2011-2014

225 parent/child dyads Unadjusted mean = 17.40 Unadjusted mean = 17.37 Mean difference = 0.03 HomVEE = 0.01

Not statistically significant, p = 0.94

Promoting First Relationships®—Home Visiting Intervention Model
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Attachment security: Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS45, modified version of Attachment Q-Sort, using trilemmas)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample

175 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available

Not statistically significant, p= >0.10

Finding estimated with hierarchical linear model (HLM).

Attachment security: Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (TAS45, modified version of Attachment Q-Sort, using trilemmas)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample

175 children Adjusted mean = 0.58 Adjusted mean = 0.54 Mean difference = 0.04 Study reported = 0.16

Not statistically significant, p= 0.41

Competence: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 11 item subscale)
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample

175 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available

Not statistically significant, p= >0.10

Finding estimated with hierarchical linear model (HLM).

Competence: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 11 item subscale)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample

163 children Adjusted mean = 17.35 Adjusted mean = 16.38 Mean difference = 0.97 Study reported = 0.42

Statistically significant, p= 0.03

Problem behavior: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 31 item subscale)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample 175 children Not reported Not reported Not reported Not available

Not statistically significant, p= >0.10

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. Finding estimated with hierarchical linear model (HLM).

Problem behavior: Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, 31 item subscale)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

Post-intervention

PFR vs. EES, one county in Washington state, 2007-2010, full sample

163 children Adjusted mean = 10.81 Adjusted mean = 10.72 Mean difference = 0.09 Study reported = -0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.92

Submitted by user on

Negative effect is favorable to the intervention.

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